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.(John Hay Library,Brown University, Providence, Mississippi to Michigan.As for Clark, he was rewarded with the rank ofUSA.Author's photo)brigadier-general in the Virginia militia after the war.In 1786 he ledanother expedition against hostile Indians in Ohio and later kept uphis military activities as an adviser to the War Department inWashington.He also founded Louisville, Kentucky.On February 13,1818, he passed away at his home in Locust Grove - by now totally23John Paul Jones (1747-92), aBritish-born sailor, settled inAmerica in 1773.After joiningthe Revolution in 1775, hewas commissioned in the newContinental Navy.Commandingthe Ranger, he capturedmerchant ships in the Irish Seaand raided Whitehaven lootingthe Countess of Selkirk's silverin the process.He was thengiven a former French East Indiaship, the Bonhomme Richard,fitted as a frigate.On September23, 1779, Jones encounteredthe frigate HMS Serapis and aferocious fight ensued.TheBonhomme Richard was sinkingwhen Jones managed toboard the Serapis and at lastcompelled Capt.Richard Pearsonand his remaining crew tosurrender ending the mostfamous American naval fightof the war.Jones became thefirst naval hero of the UnitedStates.After the war, he wascommissioned as an admiralin the Russian navy: althoughan excellent if temperamentalcaptain, he lacked talent forsenior command and returnedto the United States.destitute and forgotten.In time, though, the impact of his actions wasreconsidered and he was duly recognized.GREAT BRITAINLt.Gen.Sir William Howe (1729-1814)Born into an aristocratic family, William Howe was the younger brotherof Admiral of the Fleet Richard, Earl Howe (see picture on page 29) andof the very popular George Augustus Lord Howe who was killed atBernetz Brook near Ticonderoga on July 6, 1758.2 William entered thearmy aged 17 and served under Wolfe at Louisbourg and Quebec, com-manding the light infantry.He was one of the general officers sent outwith reinforcements to Massachusetts for Gen.Thomas Gage in 1775,'During the Americans' siege of Boston, Howe had the doubtful privilegeof commanding the British troops attacking the American position atBunker Hill during the afternoon of June 17.It was expected that the2See Campaign 76: Ticonderoga 175824American militia would easily cave in and theBritish soldiers had the knapsacks on their backsloaded with three days worth of provisions androlled blankets for the expected pursuit.On thehill, Col.William Prescott, a veteran of the last warlike many of his officers and men, instructed hismen not to open fire until the enemy soldierswere within 50 yards.The British finally tookthe hill on their third assault but sufferedvery heavy casualties, and there was no pursuit.Gage was consequently recalled and Howe wasappointed commander-in-chief.By March 1776,Howe could see Henry Knox's men buildingbatteries for the big guns brought from FortTiconderoga on Dorchester Heights.On March17, he evacuated Boston for Halifax.It is important to mention that, from thesummer of 1775, what is now Canada and theeastern seaboard American states of NorthAmerica, where most of the war was fought, wassplit into two military commands: Howe'scommand covered the British forces in the 13rebellious Atlantic seaboard colonies and thenorthern maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, StJohn's Island (later Prince Edward's Island) andNewfoundland.The other command under SirGuy Carleton at Quebec included the presentCanadian provinces of Quebec, Ontario and northern parts of the Sir William Howe, c.1776.(AnneS.K.Brown Military Collection,American states of New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois.Brown University, Providence,Independent of these was the West Florida command which includedUSA.Author's photo)the eastern shore of the Mississippi River up to Illinois and the Gulfcoast of the American states of Mississippi, Alabama and Florida, andthe East Florida command which was the present northeast of thestate of Florida.In England, Lord Germain had come to power in November 1775and was determined to crush the American rebels.As the British armylacked sufficient manpower, thousands of German mercenary soldiers,mostly from Hesse-Cassel, were sent to Howe in the spring of 1776 withorders in June to take New York.By August, Howe had landed nearly20,000 troops near his objective and routed the outnumberedAmericans at the Battle of Long Island on August 27.New York City wasoccupied on September 15 and Howe consolidated his position the nextday scattering the Americans at Harlem Heights and taking fortsWashington and Lee on the Hudson River in November.Washington wasstill a menace as proven when he attacked and beat the Hessians atTrenton (December 26) and at Princeton (January 3, 1777) whenretreating to Delaware.Things were nevertheless moving apace for theBritish and a pleased government knighted Howe.The British 1777campaign might be the worst-planned on record, due in part to LordGermain's contradictory instructions which sent Maj.Gen.Burgoynedown to New York from Canada while sending Howe to chaseWashington further south.Thus, on July 23, Howe sailed out of New25York with 18,000 men for Delaware whileBurgoyne was moving out of Canada.Disasterbefell Burgoyne at Saratoga in October.Howe, inthe meantime, had success against the Americansat Brandywine (September 11), Germantown(October 26) and Fort Mifflin (November 10 15)while Cornwallis occupied Philadelphia [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]