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.P.(2005).Participation in novelty-seeking leisure activities and Alzheimer s disease.Journal of GeriatricPsychiatry and Neurology, 18,(1996).Curiosity and mortality in aging adults: A 5-year follow-upof the Western Collaborative Group Study.Psychology and Aging, 11,294 Notes and ReferencesElias, J., Koepke, K.M., Morris, J.N., Rebok, G.W., Unverzagt,F.W., Stoddard, A.M., & Wright, E.(2006).Long-term effects ofcognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults.Journal of the American Medical Association, 296,R.S., de Leon, C.F.M., Barnes, L.L., Schneider, J.A., Bienias, J.L.,Evans, D.A., & Bennett, D.A.(2002).Participation in cognitivelystimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer Disease.Journalof the American Medical Association, 287,For a debate on this topic, see the following references: Salt-house, T.(2006).Mental exercise and mental aging: Evaluating thevalidity of the   use it or lose it  hypothesis.Perspectives on Psychologi-cal Science, 1,longer, probably: A reply to Salthouse (2006).Perspectives on Psycho-logical Science, 2,dumbledore hypothesis of cognitive aging.Current Directions inPsychological Science, 16,consensus that novel, stimulating activities will improve quality oflife, and there is mixed evidence that they enhance cognitivefunctioning.Also, it appears that the amount of effort devoted topassionate engagement in challenging activities is helpful.For research on the benefits of curiosity in the nonhuman animalliterature.Cavigelli, S.A., & McClintock M.K.(2003).Fear ofnovelty in infant rats predicts adult corticosterone dynamics and anearly death.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences16136.; Cavigelli, S.A., Yee, J.R., & McClintock, M.K.(2006).Infant temperament predicts life span in female rats that developspontaneous tumors.Hormones & Behaviorp.35 ONE OF EVERY 8 MEMBERS OF THE BABY BOOMERGENERATION: Data on Alzheimer s disease were culled fromKiplinger Retirement Report, December 2006 and The PhiladelphiaInquirer, April 29, 2007.37 to novelty: continuity versus discontinuity in the developmentalcourse of intelligence.Advances in Child Development, 19,Nair, K.U., & Ramnarayan, S.(2000).Individual differences inneed for cognition and complex problem solving.Journal of Research inPersonality, 34,and Mednick, S.A.(2002).Stimulation seeking and intelligence: Aprospective longitudinal study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-Notes and References 295ogy, 82,mental retardation: Beyond IQ.Mental Retardation, 42,p.37 ATTEMPTS TO ENHANCE INTELLIGENCE.MOREOFTEN THAN NOT HAVE BEEN COLOSSAL FAILURES:Baumeister, A.A., & Bacharach, V.R.(2000).Early genericeducational intervention has no enduring effect on intelligence anddoes not prevent mental retardation.The Infant Health and Develop-ment Program.Intelligence, 28,literature to read, but in general the benefits of Head Start and otherearly education (pre-kindergarten) programs have been shown toproduce few benefits that can be attributed to the programs and notthe quality of schools, child motivation, or other variables.Forinstance, research shows that following Head Start programs, by thetime they are in the second grade, children placed in poor-qualityschools perform worse than other students (i.e., the immediatebenefits  fade out ).Upon analyzing the extensive costs associatedwith Head Start, the money allocated can certainly be put to betteruse with better gains.That is, Head Start fails miserably following acost-benefit analysis.See McKey, R.H., Condelli, L, Ganson, H.,Barrett, B.J., McConkey, C., & Plantz, M.C.(1985).The impact ofHead Start on children, families, and communities.(DHHS Publica-Printing Office.; Schaefer, S.& Cohen, J.(2000).Making investmentsin young children: What the research on early care and education tells us.National Association of Child Advocates, Washington, D.C.; Zigler,E., & Styfco, S.(2004).The Head Start debates.Baltimore, MD: PaulH.Brookes Publishing.38 Meanings of life.New York: Guilford Press.; Frankl, V.E.(1963),op.cit.; Hidi, S., & Renninger, K.A.(2006).The four-phasemodel of interest development.Educational Psychologist, 41,127.; Higgins, E.T.(2006).Value from hedonic experience andengagement.Psychological Review, 113,Steger, M.F.(2007).Curiosity and pathways to well-being andmeaning in life: Traits, states, and everyday behaviors.Motivationand Emotion, 31,(2007).Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains healthand well-being: An integrative, testable theory.Review of GeneralPsychology (note: authors made an equal contribution); Silvia, P.J.(2001).Interest and interests: The psychology of constructive296 Notes and Referencescapriciousness.Review of General Psychology, 5,M.F., Kashdan, T.B., et al.(2008), op.cit.; Vallerand, R.J.,Blanchard, C.M., Mageau, G.A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C.,Léonard, M., Gagné, M., & Marsolais, J.(2003).Les passions del âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion.Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 85,39 RELATIONSHIPS: Barnes, S., Brown, K.W., Krusemark, E.,Campbell, W.K., & Rogge, R.(2007).The role of mindfulness inromantic relationship satisfaction and responses to relationship stress.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33,Buss, D.M., & Shackelford, T.K.(1997).Personality and matepreferences: Five factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction.Journal of Personality, 65, 106-136; Bouchard, G., Lussier, Y., &Sabourin, S.(1999).Personality and marital adjustment: Utility ofthe Five-Factor Model of personality.Journal of Marriage and Family,61, 651-660; Burpee, L.C., & Langer.E.J.(2005).Mindfulness andmarital satisfaction.Journal of Adult Development, 12, -lan, M.B., Conger, R.D., & Bryant, C.M.(2004) [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]